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Big History & Ideas

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers

First published
1987

Five centuries of great-power rivalry, and an influential argument about how economic strength shapes military success.

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About this book

Paul Kennedy's study surveys the leading states of the world from around 1500 to the late twentieth century, from Habsburg Spain and the rise of Britain to the United States and the Soviet Union. His focus is on how nations gained and lost relative power over time.

Kennedy's central argument is that military strength depends in the long run on economic and productive resources, and that powers which take on more strategic commitments than their economies can support tend to decline. He tests this idea across centuries of wars and rivalries, using economic data alongside diplomatic and military history, and he pays close attention to how geography, finance and alliances affected each power's fortunes.

The book stands out as one of the most influential works of its kind, and its closing reflections on the future of the superpowers made it widely discussed when it appeared. It is analytical rather than narrative, so it makes a good partner to more story-driven histories such as The Silk Roads.

Who it’s for

Best for readers who enjoy analysis, economics and grand strategy; demanding and data-rich, so not the place to start.

EmpiresGeopoliticsEconomic historyModern history

Editions vary by publisher and format. Check the retailer’s listing for the edition, translation and format before you buy.