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Classics & Primary Sources

The Federalist Papers

First published
1787–1788

The essays written to persuade Americans to adopt the Constitution, explaining how and why the new government was designed.

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About this book

The Federalist Papers are a series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay in 1787 and 1788, under the shared pen name Publius. They first appeared in New York newspapers as part of the debate over whether to ratify the newly drafted United States Constitution.

The essays explain and defend the proposed system: the weakness of the existing Articles of Confederation, the separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, the presidency and the courts. Some, particularly those on factions and on the structure of government, are among the most discussed texts in American political thought. Scholars and students still return to them when considering what the framers intended, which gives them unusual relevance today.

Many editions exist; we suggest a modern annotated edition with an introduction and the text of the Constitution included, which makes the arguments much easier to follow. Readers who want to know more about one of the authors should turn to Alexander Hamilton.

Who it’s for

Best for readers interested in government and the founding era; the eighteenth-century prose is demanding, so dipping into key essays works well.

U.S. ConstitutionFounding eraPolitical thoughtPrimary source

Editions vary by publisher and format. Check the retailer’s listing for the edition, translation and format before you buy.